Cost-containment in health care: The case of Spain from the eighties up to 1997

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of health care expenditure in Spain during the period 1980-1997, and henceforth to comment on the cost containment measures put forward to control its growth. The paper is divided into three separate sections. The first offers a brief description of the Spanish Health Care System, with emphasis placed on the issue of expenditure control and health planning targets. The second part outlines a set of cost containment measures that has accompanied the process of extending universal health care coverage which occurred during the mentioned period and which has helped keep public expenditure under control. Finally, the third part describes some of the more recent proposals for reform of the Spanish Health Care Sector.Cost containment, health care, the spanish NHS, health economics

Overview of business archives in Spain

The ICA Section of Business and Labour Archives is compiling several reports on the position of business archives around the world. The present communication is a state of the art in business archives in Spain, placed in several point: national and regional legislation, specific national policies for business archives, business archives associations, training and current bibliography. A serious problem fort the future of business archives in Spain is the disinterest on the part of the businessmen about the Archive’s importance in a compan

Information transfer in the agricultural sector in Spain

This paper examines the structures of information transfer to the agricultural (production) and agro-alimentary (transformation and commercialization of the products) sector within Spain. A historical perspective is provided to better illustrate the reality and complexity of Spain with regard to the systems of agrarian extension, agricultural research, resources provided by Spain’s central administration, and the use of information by related enterprises. The Service of Agrarian Extension appeared in Spain in the 1950s, and new political-administrative structures (agribusiness associations, cooperatives) were founded when Spain became a democratic nation in the late 1970s, and with the arrival of electronic information, largely in the 1990s. We also describe the tools supporting innovation in the agro-alimentary sector: centers of agrarian research and technological centers. Finally, reference is made to the means of communication dedicated to the agricultural sector. The paper illustrates that the systems of agricultural information in Spain have been largely derived from initiatives of the Public Administration, with few private initiatives

Art Education, Class, and Gender in a Foreign Art Gallery: Nineteenth-Century Cultural Travelers and the Prado Museum in Madrid

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For scientists, for students or for the public? : the shifting roles of natural history museums

This article aims to discuss the main roles of natural history museums and to show how these purposes have evolved and adapted throughout the museums’ history, as a response to the development of natural sciences and societal change, from their creation in the 18th century to the present. It strives to demonstrate how the balance between research, teaching and disseminating knowledge to the public has successively shifted, without ever forsaking any of these functions. It is focused on Portuguese museums, but examining their place within international trends

Sceloporus jalapae

Number of Pages: 5Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Diet composition of fish species from the southern continental shelf of Colombia

The diet composition of 30 fish species belonging to 16 families from the Pacific Coast of Colombia is described. Benthic crustaceans (37.5%) and bony fishes (23.7%, chiefly demersal) were the most important food items for the fish species analyzed. Data on diet composition of the fish species are presented for the first time which can be a source of information for trophic modeling

New records of interesting xenophytes in the Iberian Peninsula

New records of interesting xenophytes in the Iberian Peninsula. Botanical inventories in various parts of Spain mainly between 2005 and 2007 yielded numerous chorological novelties.Cyperus prolifer is probably reported for the first time in Europe. Chenopodium simplex, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria violascens, Eragrostis frankii, Ipomoea x leucantha, Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Melinis repens subsp. repens, Oenothera indecora subsp. indecora, Panicum philadelphicum subsp. gattingeri and Solanum americanum are probably recorded for the first time from Spain. Crassula campestris is first cited from Portugal. New provincial records include: Abutilon grandifolium (Barcelona), Amaranthus palmeri (Lérida), Amelichloa caudata (Valencia), Anoda cristata (Huelva), Arctotheca calendula (Gerona), Asparagus setaceus (Huelva), Bidens subalternans (Huelva), Cardiospermum halicacabum (Alicante), Cenchrus incertus (Cádiz), Cestrum parqui (Barcelona), Cyperus esculentus (Huelva), Datura ferox (Huelva), Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus (Lérida, Sevilla), Eragrostis mexicana subsp.virescens (Huelva), Eragrostis pectinacea (Huelva), Galinsoga quadriradiata (Huelva), Hydrocotyle bonariensis (Huelva), Leptochloa uninervia (Granada, Huesca), Oenothera oehlkersi (Gerona), Rumex cristatus (Gerona), Senna obtusifolia (Huelva), Setaria faberi (Huelva), S. parviflora (Huelva), Solanum elaegnifolium (Alicante), S. linnaeanum (Granada), S. physalifolium (Huelva) and Verbena litoralis var. brevibracteata (Huelva). Previous Andalusian records of Galenia secunda turned out to be in error for G. pubescens. A large majority of the cited taxa is of American origin.Nuevas citas de xenófitos interesantes en la Península Ibérica. Diferentes campañas de herborizaciones en España entre los años 2005 -2007, han propiciado el descubrimiento de diferentes novedades corológicas para su flora. Se cita como novedad para Europa Cyperus prolifer. Son probablemente nuevas citas para España Chenopodium simplex, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria violascens, Eragrostis frankii, Ipomoea x leucantha, Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Melinis repens subsp. repens, Oenothera indecora subsp. indecora, Panicum philadelphicum subsp. gattingeri y Solanum americanum. Se cita como novedad por el Portugal Crassula campestris. Se incluyen como novedades provinciales: Abutilon grandifolium (Barcelona), Amaranthus palmeri (Lérida), Amelichloa caudata (Valencia), Anoda cristata (Huelva), Arctotheca calendula (Gerona), Asparagus setaceus (Huelva), Bidens subalternans (Huelva), Cardiospermum halicacabum (Alicante), Cenchrus incertus (Cádiz), Cestrum parqui (Barcelona),Cyperus esculentus (Huelva), Datura ferox (Huelva), Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus (Lérida, Sevilla), Eragrostis mexicana subsp. virescens (Huelva), Eragrostis pectinacea (Huelva), Galinsoga quadriradiata (Huelva), Hydrocotyle bonariensis (Huelva), Leptochloa uninervia (Granada, Huesca), Oenothera oehlkersi (Gerona), Rumex cristatus (Gerona), Senna obtusifolia (Huelva), Setaria faberi (Huelva), S. parviflora (Huelva), Solanum elaegnifolium (Alicante), S. linnaeanum (Granada), S.physalifolium (Huelva) y Verbena litoralis var. brevibracteata (Huelva). Se actualiza la nomenclatura en Andalucía de las citas previas del taxón Galenia secunda, que se cambia por Galenia pubescens, su nombre correcto. Una gran mayoría de los taxones citados son de origen americano

Changes in the demand for private medical insurance following a shift in tax incentives

The 1998 Spanish reform of the Personal Income Tax eliminated the 15% deduction for private medical expenditures including payments on private health insurance (PHI) policies. To avoid an undesirable increase in the demand for publicly funded health care, tax incentives to buy PHI were not completely removed but basically shifted from individual to group employer-paid policies. In a unique fiscal experiment, at the same time that the tax relief for individually purchased policies was abolished, the government provided for tax allowances on policies taken out through employment. Using a bivariate probit model on data from National Health Surveys, we estimate the impact of said reform on the demand for PHI and the changes occurred within it. Our findings suggest that the total probability of buying PHI was not significantly affected. Indeed, the fall in the demand for individual policies (by 10% between 1997 and 2001) was offset by an increase in the demand for group employer-paid ones, so that the overall size of the market remained virtually unchanged. We also briefly discuss the welfare effects on the state budget, the industry and society at large.Private health insurance, tax reform, Spain.

Rewriting portuguese women’s history at international expositions (1889-1908)

This article aims to understand how the changing nature of industrial schooling contributed to the erasure of women’s participation. Industrial schooling, manual work and the politics of exposition were increasingly conceived as male, despite the Portuguese tradition of female artisanal production. With the promotion of technological modernization, at the turn of the nineteenth century, women’s artisanal or mechanical productions were no longer considered “industrial;” henceforth they ceased to be recognized as a professional activity and were mistakenly categorized as homework. Marques Leitão and António Arroio appear as key players in this process through their efforts to redesign industrial schooling with a representation of industry that was more limited than before. In the process they repositioned women’s work firmly within the home, introducing a vision of feminine domesticity which had not held sway in Portugal until then. In the first three decades of the twentieth century, both men consolidated their vision of industrial schooling through written reports and studies that synthesized the legal and pedagogical changes that they defended. These documents, written by “experts” in the field, served as precious primary sources. Reality is the product of what is said and what is left unsaid. In this case, the material traces left by the industry of women lace workers in expositions offers a suggestive way to rewrite this history.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio